Life history tradeoffs and phenotypic plasticity: The tale of a flight polyphenic field cricket

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 Methods -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 Discussion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------33 References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------34 Figure Legends -----------------------------------------------------------------------------44 Figures ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 CHAPTER TWO: The problem of trait correlations: costs, benefits and constraints on life history traits in a flight polyphenic field cricket Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 Methods -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58 Discussion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------65 viii References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 Tables ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 Figure Legends -----------------------------------------------------------------------------71 Figures ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72 CHAPTER THREE: Males in a flight polyphenic field cricket express alternative reproductive tactics: behavioral and physiological variation among morphs Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------75 Methods --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80 Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------84 Discussion -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------87 Acknowledgements -----------------------------------------------------------------------93 References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------93 Figure Legends ----------------------------------------------------------------------------101 Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------103 CHAPTER 4: Life history tradeoffs in a flight polyphenic field cricket: examining morph specific variation in a field population Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------109 Methods --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112 ix Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------115 Discussion -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------117 Acknowledgements -----------------------------------------------------------------------122 References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------123 Figure Legends ----------------------------------------------------------------------------128 Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------131 10 CHAPTER ONE: Females in a flight polyphenic field cricket express alternative reproductive tactics: behavioral and physiological variation among morphs